Q35. What is sanctification?
A. Sanctification is the work of God's free grace, whereby we are renewed in the whole man after the image of God, and are enabled more and more to die unto sin, and live unto righteousness.
Q1. What is it for one to be SANCTIFIED?
A. It is to be made a saint, or a holy person set apart for a holy use, 1 Thess. 5:23.
Q2. Can any sinner sanctify himself?
A. No; we can defile, but cannot purify ourselves, Job 14:4.
Q3. Whose work is it to sanctify?
A. It is the special work of the Spirit of God, 2 Thess. 2:13.
Q4. Do any of mankind-sinners deserve that God should sanctify them?
A. No; there are none of them that can deserve any thing from God, but to be left to perish eternally in their sin and pollution, because "they are altogether become filthy; there is none of them that doeth good, no not one," Psalm 14:3; Rom. 3:10-13.
Q5. What moves God to sanctify a sinner?
A. His own free grace and good pleasure, Phil. 2:13.
Q6. Are not justification, adoption, and sanctification, inseparably linked together?
A. Yes; they that are justified, are adopted; and they that are justified and adopted, are sanctified and glorified, Rom. 8:30.
Q7. In what respects are justification and sanctification inseparably joined and linked together?
A. In the decree of God, Rom. 8:30; in the promise of God, Psalm 110:3; in the end of Christ's death, Titus 2:14; in the offices of Christ, 1 Cor. 1:30; in the gospelcall and offer, 2 Tim. 1:9; 1 Thess. 4:7; and in the experience of all believers, Phil. 3:8, 12.
Q8. Though inseparably linked together, are they not carefully to be distinguished?
A. Yes; for the confounding of justification and sanctification lays the foundation of many errors, both in principle and practice; and the want of a clear understanding of the difference between these two, contributes to depress and encumber the believer in his exercise; whereas the distinct knowledge of it would free him from that bondage, John 8:32.
Q9. In what do justification and sanctification DIFFER?
A. They DIFFER in many respects; particularly in their matter, kind, form, properties, subjects, order, extent, ingredients, evidences; in their relation to the law; their relation to Christ's offices; and their use to believers.
Q10. In what do they differ in their matter?
A. The matter of justification is the righteousness of Christ; but the matter of sanctification is the fulness of Christ communicated, or grace imparted from him, out of whose fulness we receive, "and grace for grace," John 1:16.
Q11. How do they differ as to their kind?
A. Justification makes a relative, sanctification a real change: the first changes a man's state, the other changes his heart and life, Ezek. 36:26.
Q12. How do they differ as to their form, or manner of conveyance?
A. Justification is effected by the imputation of Christ's righteousness to us; sanctification, by the implantation of his grace in us.
Q13. How do they differ in their properties?
A. Justification is complete and perfect at first; but sanctification is carried on gradually, from less to more, until the soul be ripe for glory; the righteousness of justification is strictly and properly meritorious, being the righteousness of God, by which the law is not only fulfilled, but magnified; but the righteousness of sanctification is not so, being only the righteousness of a sinful creature, imperfect in degrees: justification is equal in all believers, but they are not all equally sanctified: hence, in God's family, there are little children, 1 John 2:12, and in his garden, trees of different tallness, or height, Psalm 92:12, compared with Zech. 1:8.
Q14. How do they differ in their subjects?
A. Christ himself, and not the believer, is the subject of our justifying righteousness; it is inherently in him who wrought it out perfectly for us; but the believer himself is the subject of the righteousness of sanctification; it is implanted in him as a new nature; whereas his justifying righteousness is not in him as a nature, but on him as a robe; and hence it is said to be UPON all them that believe, Rom. 3:22.
Q15. How do they differ in their order?
A. Although, as to time, they are simultaneous; yet, as to the order of nature, justification goes BEFORE sanctification, as the cause before the effect, or as fire is before light and heat.
Q16. How do they differ as to their extent?
A. Alt:ough justification respects the whole person, yet, it immediately terminates upon conscience, God's deputy, purging it from dead works, and pacifying it with the sprinkling of the blood of Christ; nothing giving true peace to conscience, but that which gave full satisfaction to justice: but by sanctification we are renewed in the whole man, Eph. 4:23, 24.
Q17. How do they differ as to their ingredients?
A. The main ingredient in justification is the grace and love of God towards us, manifested in pardoning and accepting us in Christ; whereas the main ingredient in sanctification is our gratitude and love to God, flowing from his love to us, and appearing in our obedience and keeping his commandments, by virtue of his "Spirit put within us, and causing us to walk in his statutes," Ezek. 36:27.
Q18. How do they differ as to evidence?
A. Justification is evidenced by our sanctification; for none can warrantably conclude they are justified by the righteousness of Christ, if not students of true holiness, and groaning under a body of sin and death: but sanctification cannot be evidenced by our justification; which being the hidden root of holiness under ground, does not appear, except in lively actings of justifying faith, and other graces, which are internal branches of sanctification; sometimes inwardly discerned by the believer, and sometimes outwardly discovered to others by works, James 2:18.
Q19. How do they differ in their relation to the law?
A. Justification has relation to the law, as a covenant, and frees the soul from it, Rom. 7:4; sanctification respects the law as a rule, and makes the soul breathe after conformity to it, and to delight in it after the inward man, Rom. 7:22; hence justification is a judicial sentence, absolving us from law-debt; sanctification, a spiritual change, fitting us for law-duty.
Q20. How do they differ in their relation to the offices of Christ?
A. Justification springs from, and is grounded upon the priestly office of Christ, by which he satisfied law and justice, as our surety; but sanctification proceeds from his kingly office, by which he subdues us to his obedience, and writes his law in our hearts, Jer. 31:33.
Q21. How do they differ in their use to believers?
A. Justification gives us a title to heaven and eternal life; sanctification gives a meetness for it: justification is God's act, pronouncing our persons righteous in Christ, and taking away the guilt of sin; sanctification is the Spirit's work, cleansing our nature, and taking away the filth of sin: by the former, we are instated into the favour of God; by the latter, adorned with the image of God.
Q22. How may the work of sanctification be distinguished?
A. Into habitual and actual sanctification.
Q23. What may be termed habitual sanctification?
A. It is that whereby we are renewed in the whole man, after the image of God, and so a renovation of the nature, Eph. 4:24.
Q24. Can any have a sanctified life, who have not a renewed nature?
A. No; for a corrupt tree cannot bring forth good fruit, Matt. 7:18.
Q25. What is to be understood by the whole man that must be renewed?
A. Both soul and body; in all the powers of the one, and members of the other, 2 Cor. 7:1; 1 Thess. 5:23.
Q26. What is the difference between the renewing of the whole man in sanctification, and the renewing mentioned in effectual calling?
A. The renovation in effectual calling is only begun; but this of sanctification, is carried on by degrees, till perfected in glory, Phil. 1:6; there, the seed of grace is sown; here, it is watered, in order to growth: there, the habit is implanted, John 1:13; here, it is strengthened for exercise, Eph. 2:10.
Q27. After whose image is the whole man renewed?
A. After the image of God; consisting in knowledge, righteousness, and holiness, Col. 3:10; Eph. 4:24.
Q28. Whose image do we bear, before we are renewed in the whole man?
A. The image of the first Adam after the fall, having his nature corrupted, Gen. 5:3.
Q29. Can any be renewed in the whole man, without being united to the second Adam?
A. No; for we are not sanctified, except by faith uniting us to Christ, Acts 15:9, and 26:18; 1 Cor. 1:2, - "Sanctified in Christ Jesus."
Q30. Though the believer be renewed in the whole man, yet is any part of the new creature WHOLLY renewed?
A. The two contrary principles, grace and corruption, are in the sanctified; being together in such sort, that in every particular part, where the one is, the other is there also beside it: for, what we have of this gracious work of sanctification upon us while here, is but in part; it is not perfect, 1 Cor. 13:9, 10.
Q31. What is the tendency of habitual sanctification?
A. The tendency of it is to actual sanctification, Eph. 2:10.
Q32. In what consists ACTUAL sanctification?
A. In being enabled more and more to die unto sin, and live unto righteousness, Rom. 6:4, 6.
Q33. In what does habitual sanctification differ from actual?
A. The first points at the renovation of our nature; the second at the renovation of our life: the first at the habit; the second at the exercise of grace, working inwardly in the heart, and outwardly in the walk, Eph. 2:10.
Q34. What are the parts of actual sanctification, and how are they commonly termed?
A. Mortification; or, a dying unto sin; and vivification; or, a living unto righteousness.
Q35. Can any die to sin, and live to righteousness, without being enabled by grace?
A. No; "We are not sufficient of ourselves to think any thing as of ourselves, but our sufficiency is of God," 2 Cor. 3:5. The strength of habitual grace will not be sufficient, without actual assistance.
Q36. How does the grace of God enable us to die to sin, and live to righteousness?
A. It enables us more and more, 1 Thess. 4:1, or, by little and little, from time to time; for, "the path of the just is as a shining light, that shineth more and more unto the perfect day," Proverbs 4:18; and "they go from strength to strength," Psalm 84:7.
Q37. Does the work of actual sanctification go on constantly without interruption?
A. The sanctified person is subject to backsliding and decay; yet God never altogether takes his hand from the good work he has begun, but makes good use of backslidings for farther progress in it, Hos. 14:4, 7.
Q38. Why is not actual sanctification perfected in this life, but still a remainder of corruption left in God's people?
A. To make them know from experience, the strength of sin, the necessity of mortifying grace, and of the abundance of pardoning grace, 2 Cor. 12:7-9; and to keep them exercised in prayer and humiliation, in the faith and hope of deliverance from a body of sin and death, through Christ, Rom. 7:24, 25.
Q39. What is it to die to sin?
A. To have the power of sin, in our nature, so far destroyed as not to obey it, but to hate it in heart, and abstain from it in life, Rom. 6:6.
Q40. What is it to live to righteousness?
A. To have our nature so quickened by the power of grace, as to love and obey the commands of righteousness in our life, Rom. 6:13.
Q41. From whence is it that this death to sin, and life to righteousness spring?
A. They spring from the virtue that is in the death and resurrection of Christ, to render his mystical members conformable to him in them; "That, like as Christ was raised up from the dead, by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life; for, if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection," Rom. 6:4, 5.
Q42. Why have the death and resurrection of Christ such a conforming virtue?
A. Because he died and rose again as a public person. Eph. 2:5, 6, and merited this conformation or fashioning of his mystical members to his own image, Phil. 3:10.
Q43. In what consists the excellency of sanctification?
A. It is the end and design of our election, Eph. 1:4; of our effectual calling, 2 Tim. 1:9; of our justification and deliverance from the law as a covenant, Rom. 6:14; and of our adoption, Eph. 1:4, 5; it is the end both of mercies and crosses, Rom. 2:4, Isaiah 27:9; and, in a word, it is the end and design of all the precepts of the law, the promises of the gospel, and the operation of the Spirit of God.
Q44. Whence arises the necessity of holiness, or sanctification?
A. From the holy nature and will of God: for "it is written, Be ye holy, for I am holy," 1 Pet. 1:16; and "this is the will of God, even our sanctification," 1 Thess. 4:3; and from the death of Christ, "who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify to himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works," Titus 2:14.
Q45. For what good end and use is sanctification necessary?
A. Not for justification before God; but for evidencing our justification and faith, James. 2:18. It is necessary for glorifying God, Matt. 5:16, and showing forth his praise, 1 Pet. 2:19; for adorning the doctrine of God our Saviour, Titus 2:10; for proving our union to Christ, John 15:5, 6; for promoting inward peace and rejoicing, Psalm 119:165, 2 Cor. 1:12; for maintaining fellowship and communion with God, John 14:21, 23; for making us meet for heaven, because without holiness no man shall see the Lord, Heb. 12:14; for making us useful to men on earth, Titus 3:8; and for stopping the mouth of calumny when we are reproached as evil doers, 1 Pet. 3:16.
Q46. What is the meritorious cause of our sanctification?
A. The blood of Christ, Heb. 13:12 - "Wherefore Jesus also, that he might sanctify the people with his own blood, suffered without the gate."
Q47. Whence flows the sanctifying or purifying virtue of the blood of Christ?
A. From the atoning virtue of it, Heb. 9:14.
Q48. What is the instrumental cause of our sanctification?
A. The faith of the operation of God, Acts 15:9.
Q49. What is the regulating or directing cause?
A. The law of God, Isaiah 8:20.
Q50. What is the exemplary cause of sanctification?
A. The copy that Christ has set us by his obedience and sufferings, in so far as imitable by us, 1 Pet. 2:21, 22.
Q51. What are the marks of sanctification?
A. A heart-respect to all God's commandments, and loving them because they are holy; a hatred of sin, and avoiding of all appearance of evil; a spirit of watchfulness and warfare against sin; a delight in doing good; a conversation becoming the gospel; and an habitual improvement of the blood of Christ by faith and prayer, for cleansing from the filth of sin, and of the precious promises for that end, 2 Cor. 7:1; 1 Pet. 1:4.
Q52. What are the chief motives and inducements to sanctification?
A. The will of God commanding, 1 Pet. 1:15; the love of Christ constraining, 1 Cor. 5:14; the dignity of thus resembling God, Lev. 19:2; and the indignity of resembling the devil by the want of it, John 8:44.
Q53. What should we do to be sanctified?
A. We should fly to Christ by faith, touching the hem of his garment for healing and purification, for we "are sanctified in Christ Jesus," 1 Cor. 1:2; we should pray for the Spirit of sanctification, through whom alone the deeds of the body can be mortified, Rom. 8:13; we should associate with saints, for "he that walketh with the wise, shall be wise," Proverbs 13:20; association begets assimilation; and we should make a right use of God's word and rod, Sabbaths and sacraments.
Q1. What are the parts of sanctification?
A. Dying unto sin, and living unto God; Romans 6:11. Likewise reckon you also yourselves to be dead indeed unto sin, but alive unto God, through Jesus Christ our Lord.
Q2. Who is the Author of sanctification?
A. God only; Jude verse 1. To them that are sanctified by God the Father.
Q3. What is the instrument of it?
A. The word of God; John 17:17. sanctify them through your truth; your word is truth.
Q4. What part of man is sanctified?
A. Every part, both of soul and body; 1 Thessalonians 5:23. And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit, soul, and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.
Q5. Is sanctification perfected at once?
A. No; but by degrees; 2 Peter 3:18. But grow in grace, and in the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ.
Q6. When will it be made perfect?
A. When we come to Heaven, and not before; 1 Corinthians 13:10, 11. But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away.
Q7. What are the signs of true sanctification?
A. When it runs into all parts of our conversation; 1 Peter 1:15. But as he which has called you is holy, so be holy in all manner of conversation. SECONDLY, And continues to the end; Revelation 22:11. Let him that is holy be holy still.
Q8. What is the inseparable companion of sanctification?
A. Righteousness towards men; Luke 1:74, 75. That he would grant unto us, that we being delivered out of the hands of our enemies, might serve him without fear, in holiness, and righteousness before him all the days of our life.
Q9. What is opposite to sanctification?
A. All filthiness of flesh and spirit; 2 Corinthians 7:1. Having therefore these promises, dearly beloved, let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of flesh and spirit.
Q10. What is the privilege of the sanctified?
A. They are all elected, and shall be glorified; 1 Peter 1:2, 4. Elect according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, through sanctification of the Spirit-to an inheritance incorruptible and undefiled, and that fades not away, reserved in Heaven for you.
Q11. What is the case of them who live and die unsanctified?
A. They shall never see God; Hebrews 12:14. Follow peace with all men, and holiness; without which no man shall see the Lord.
Q12. What differences true from pretended sanctification?
A. True sanctification purges the heart from the love of sin; Romans 7:15. For that which I do, I allow not. And the life from the dominion of sin; Romans 6:19. As you have yielded your members servants to impurity, and to iniquity unto iniquity; even so now yield your members servants to righteousness, unto holiness.
Q13. May great sinners be sanctified?
A. Yes; the Spirit of God can sanctify the vilest heart; 1 Corinthians 6:11. And such were some of you; but you are washed, but you are sanctified. Of Assurance, the Fruit of Justification
Q1. Are all that are justified sanctified?
A. Yes: For Jesus Christ is made both righteousness and sanctification, 1 Cor. 1:30.
Q2. Is it necessary they should be so?
A. Yes: For without holiness no man shall see the Lord, Heb. 12:14.
Q3. Did Christ die that they might be sanctified?
A. Yes: For their sakes I sanctify myself, that they also might be sanctified, John 17:19.
Q4. And was this the intention of their election?
A. Yes: He hath chosen you to salvation through sanctification, 2 Thes. 2:13.
Q5. Is sanctification the work of God?
A. Yes: We are sanctified by God the Father, Jude 1.
Q6. Is it the work of the Spirit of God?
A. Yes: It is sanctification of the Spirit, 1 Pet. 1:2.
Q7. Is it a work of free grace?
A. Yes: According to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, Tit. 3:5.
Q8. Is it a work wrought in us?
A. Yes: For we are his workmanship, created unto good works, Eph. 2:10.
Q9. Is sanctification something more than being civilized?
A. Yes: For he is not a Jew that is one outwardly, Rom. 2:28.
Q10. Is it more than being baptized?
A. Yes: It is not the putting away the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience, 1 Pet. 3:21.
Q11. Is it an inward change of the heart?
A. Yes: We must be renewed in the spirit of our mind, Eph. 4:23.
Q12. Is it the renovation of the whole man?
A. Yes: If any man be in Christ, he is a new creature, 2 Cor. 5:17.
Q13. Will it suffice to have a new name?
A. No: For thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead, Rev. 3:1.
Q14. Will it suffice to have a new face?
A. No: For there are those that have the form of godliness, but deny the power of it, 2 Tim. 3:5.
Q15. Must there be a new heart?
A. Yes: A new heart will I give you, and a new spirit will I put within you, Ezek. 36:26.
Q16. And a new nature?
A. Yes: Put on the new man, Eph. 4:24.
Q17. And a new birth?
A. Yes: Except a man be born again he cannot see the kingdom of God, John 3:3.
Q18. Must we be cleansed from sin?
A. Yes: From all your filthiness, and from all your idols, will I cleanse you, Ezek. 36:25.
Q19. Must we be consecrated to God?
A. Yes: For we are the temple of God, 1 Cor. 3:16.
Q20. Must the law be written in the heart?
A. Yes: I will put my law in their heart, Heb. 8:10.
Q21. Must the understanding be enlightened?
A. Yes: Anoint thine eyes with eye-salve, that thou mayest see, Rev. 3:18.
Q22. Must the heart be softened?
A. Yes: I will take away the stony heart, and give a heart of flesh, Ezek. 11:19.
Q23. Must the will be bowed?
A. Yes: Lord, what wilt thou have me to do? Acts 9:6.
Q24. Must the affections be made spiritual?
A. Yes: Set your affections on things above, Col. 3:2.
Q25. Must the body also be an instrument of holiness?
A. Yes: Present your bodies a living sacrifice, Rom. 12:1.
Q26. Must we be renewed after the image of God?
A. Yes: Put on the new man, which is renewed after the image of him that created him, Col. 3:10.
Q27. And after the pattern of Christ?
A. Yes: For Christ must be formed in us, Gal. 4:19.
Q28. Is sin mortified in all that are sanctified?
A. Yes: They that are Christ's have crucified the flesh, Gal. 5:24.
Q29. Is grace planted in them?
A. Yes: There is a well of water springing up to eternal life, John 4:14.
Q30. Is this work perfect at first?
A. No: It is first the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear, Mark 4:28.
Q31. Do all that are sanctified die unto sin?
A. Yes: Reckon ye yourselves dead unto sin, Rom. 6:11.
Q32. Do they live unto righteousness?
A. Yes: Being dead to sin, we live unto righteousness, 1 Pet. 2:24.
Q33. Are they enabled to do so?
A. Yes: For it is through the Spirit that we mortify the deeds of the body, Rom. 8:13.
Q34. And is the course of their conversation accordingly?
A. Yes: They walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit, Rom. 8:1.
Q35. Is it our duty to submit to the Spirit as a sanctifier?
A. Yes: Walk in the Spirit, and ye shall not fulfil the works of the flesh, Gal 5:16.
Q36. And is the grace of God promised us for this purpose?
A. Yes: Sin shall not have dominion over you, Rom. 6:14.
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Christ the Redeemer
The person and work of Christ, and the application of redemption
Q21. Who is the Redeemer of God's elect?
A. The only Redeemer of God's elect is the Lord Jesus Christ, who, being the eternal Son of God, became man and so was, and continueth to be, God and man in two distinct natures, and one person, forever.
Q22. How did Christ, being the Son of God, become man?
A. Christ, the Son of God, became man, by taking to himself a true body, and a reasonable soul, being conceived by the power of the Holy Ghost, in the womb of the virgin Mary, and born of her yet without sin.
Q23. What offices doth Christ execute as our Redeemer?
A. Christ, as our Redeemer, executeth the offices of a prophet, of a priest, and of a king, both in his estate of humiliation and exaltation.
Q24. How doth Christ execute the office of a prophet?
A. Christ executeth the office of a prophet, in revealing to us, by his Word and Spirit the will of God for our salvation.
Q25. How doth Christ execute the office of a priest?
A. Christ executeth the office of a priest, in his once offering up of himself a sacrifice to satisfy divine justice, and reconcile us to God; and in making continual intercession for us.
Q26. How doth Christ execute the office of a king?
A. Christ executeth the office of a king, in subduing us to himself, in ruling and defending us, and in restraining and conquering all his and our enemies.
Q27. Wherein did Christ's humiliation consist?
A. Christ's humiliation consisted in his being born, and that in a low condition, made under the law, undergoing the miseries of this life, the wrath of God, and the cursed death of the cross; in being buried, and continuing under the power of death for a time.
Q28. Wherein consisteth Christ's exaltation?
A. Christ's exaltation consisteth in his rising again from the dead on the third day, in ascending up into heaven, in sitting at the right hand of God the Father, and in coming to judge the world at the last day.
Q29. How are we made partakers of the redemption purchased by Christ?
A. We are made partakers of the redemption purchased by Christ, by the effectual application of it to us by his Holy Spirit.
Q30. How doth the Spirit apply to us the redemption purchased by Christ?
A. The Spirit applieth to us the redemption purchased by Christ, by working faith in us, and thereby uniting us to Christ in our effectual calling.
Q31. What is effectual calling?
A. Effectual calling is the work of God's Spirit, whereby, convincing us of our sin and misery, enlightening our minds in the knowledge of Christ, and renewing our wills, he doth persuade and enable us to embrace Jesus Christ, freely offered to us in the gospel.
Q32. What benefits do they that are effectually called partake of in this life?
A. They that are effectually called do in this life partake of justification, adoption, and sanctification, and the several benefits which in this life do either accompany or flow from them.
Q33. What is justification?
A. Justification is an act of God's free grace, wherein he pardoneth all our sins, and accepteth us as righteous in his sight, only for the righteousness of Christ imputed to us, and received by faith alone.
Q34. What is adoption?
A. Adoption is an act of God's free grace, whereby we are received into the number, and have a right to all the privileges, of the sons of God.
Q35. What is sanctification?
A. Sanctification is the work of God's free grace, whereby we are renewed in the whole man after the image of God, and are enabled more and more to die unto sin, and live unto righteousness.
Q36. What are the benefits which in this life do accompany or flow from justification, adoption, and sanctification?
A. The benefits which in this life do accompany or flow from justification, adoption, and sanctification, are, assurance of God's love, peace of conscience, joy in the Holy Ghost, increase of grace, and perseverance therein to the end.
Q37. What benefits do believers receive from Christ at death?
A. The souls of believers are at their death made perfect in holiness, and do immediately pass into glory; and their bodies, being still united to Christ, do rest in their graves till the resurrection.
Q38. What benefits do believers receive from Christ at the resurrection?
A. At the resurrection, believers being raised up in glory, shall be openly acknowledged and acquitted in the day of judgment, and made perfectly blessed in the full enjoying of God to all eternity.
### 5. Sanctification
'For this is the will of God, even your sanctification.' I Thess 4:4.
The word sanctification signifies to consecrate and set apart to a holy use: thus they are sanctified persons who are separated from the world, and set apart for God's service. Sanctification has a privative and a positive part.
I. A privative part, which lies in the purging out of sin. Sin is compared to leaven, which sours; and to leprosy, which defiles. Sanctification purges out ‘the old leaven.' I Cor 5:5. Though it takes not away the life, yet it takes away the love of sin.
II. A positive part, which is the spiritual refining of the soul; which in Scripture is called a ‘renewing of our mind,' Rom 12:2, and a ‘partaking of the divine nature.' 2 Pet 1:1. The priests in the law were not only washed in the great laver, but adorned with glorious apparel. Exod 28:8; so sanctification not only washes from sin, but adorns with purity.
What is sanctification?
It is a principle of grace savingly wrought, whereby the heart becomes holy, and is made after God's own heart. A sanctified person bears not only God's name, but his image. In opening the nature of sanctification, I shall lay down these seven positions: -
(1.) Sanctification is a supernatural thing; it is divinely infused. We are naturally polluted, and to cleanse, God takes to be his prerogative. ‘I am the Lord which sanctify you.' Lev 21:1. Weeds grow of themselves. Flowers are planted. Sanctification is a flower of the Spirit's planting, therefore it is called, ‘The sanctification of the Spirit.' I Pet 1:1.
(2.) Sanctification is an intrinsic thing; it lies chiefly in the heart. It is called ‘the adorning the hidden man of the heart.' I Pet 3:3. The dew wets the leaf, the sap is hid in the root; so the religion of some consists only in externals, but sanctification is deeply rooted in the soul. ‘In the hidden part thou shalt make me to know wisdom.' Psalm 51:1.
(3.) Sanctification is an extensive thing: it spreads into the whole man. ‘The God of peace sanctify you wholly.' I Thess 5:53. As original corruption has depraved all the faculties - ‘the whole head is sick, the whole heart faint,' no part sound, as if the whole mass of blood were corrupted - so sanctification goes over the whole soul. After the fall, there was ignorance in the mind; but in sanctification, we are ‘light in the Lord.' Eph 5:5. After the fall, the will was depraved; there was not only impotence to good, but obstinacy. In sanctification, there is a blessed pliableness in the will; it symbolizes and comports with the will of God. After the fall, the affections were misplaced on wrong objects; in sanctification, they are turned into a sweet order and harmony, the grief placed on sin, the love on God, the joy on heaven. Thus sanctification spreads itself as far as original corruption; it goes over the whole soul: ‘the God of peace sanctify you wholly.' He is not a sanctified person who is good only in some part, but who is all over sanctified; therefore, in Scripture, grace is called a ‘new man,' not a new eye or a new tongue, but a ‘new man.' Col 3:30. A good Christian, though he be sanctified but in part, yet in every part.
(4.) Sanctification is an intense and ardent thing. Qualitates sunt in subjecto intensive [Its properties burn within the believer]. ‘Fervent in spirit.' Rom 12:2: Sanctification is not a dead form, but it is inflamed into zeal. We call water hot, when it is so in the third or fourth degree; so he is holy whose religion is heated to some degree, and his heart boils over in love to God.
(5.) Sanctification is a beautiful thing. It makes God and angels fall in love with us. ‘The beauties of holiness.' Psa 110:0. As the sun is to the world, so is sanctification to the soul, beautifying and bespangling it in God's eyes. That which makes God glorious must needs make us so. Holiness is the most sparkling jewel in the Godhead. ‘Glorious in holiness.' Exod 15:11: Sanctification is the first fruit of the Spirit; it is heaven begun in the soul. Sanctification and glory differ only in degree: sanctification is glory in the seed, and glory is sanctification in the flower. Holiness is the quintessence of happiness.
(6.) Sanctification is an abiding thing. ‘His seed remaineth in him.' I John 3:3. He who is truly sanctified, cannot fall from that state. Indeed, seeming holiness may be lost, colours may wash off, sanctification may suffer an eclipse. ‘Thou hast left thy first love.' Rev 2:2. True sanctification is a blossom of eternity. ‘The anointing which ye have received abideth in you.' I John 2:27. He who is truly sanctified can no more fall away than the angels which are fixed in their heavenly orbs.
(7.) Sanctification is a progressive thing. It is growing; it is compared to seed which grows: first the blade springs up, then the ear, then the ripe corn in the ear; such as are already sanctified may be more sanctified. 2 Cor 7:7: Justification does not admit of degrees; a believer cannot be more elected or justified than he is, but he may be more sanctified than he is. Sanctification is still increasing, like the morning sun, which grows brighter to the full meridian. Knowledge is said to increase, and faith to increase. Col 1:10; 2 Cor 10:05. A Christian is continually adding a cubit to his spiritual stature. It is not with us as it was with Christ, who received the Spirit without measure; for Christ could not be more holy than he was. We have the Spirit only in measure, and may be still augmenting our grace; as Apelles, when he had drawn a picture, would be still mending it with his pencil. The image of God is drawn but imperfectly in us, therefore we must be still mending it, and drawing it in more lively colours. Sanctification is progressive; if it does not grow, it is because it does not live. Thus you see the nature of sanctification.
What are the counterfeits of sanctification?
There are things which look like sanctification, but are not.
(1.) The first counterfeit of sanctification is moral virtue. To be just, to be temperate, to be of a fair deportment, not to have one's escutcheon blotted with ignominious scandal is good, but not enough: it is not sanctification. A field-flower differs from a garden-flower. Heathens have attained to morality; as Cato, Socrates, and Aristides. Civility is but nature refined; there is nothing of Christ there, and the heart may be foul and impure. Under these fair leaves of civility the worm of unbelief may be hid. A moral person has a secret antipathy against grace: he hates vice, and he hates grace as much as vice. The snake has a fine colour, but a sting. A person adorned and cultivated with moral virtue, has a secret spleen against sanctity. The Stoics who were the chief of the moralized heathens, were the bitterest enemies Paul had. Acts 17:18.
(2.) The second counterfeit of sanctification is superstitious devotion. This abounds in Popery; adorations, images, altars, vestments, and holy water, which I look upon as a religious frenzy, and is far from sanctification. It does not put any intrinsic goodness into a man, it does not make a man better. If the legal purifications and washings, which were of God's own appointing, did not make those who used them more holy; and the priests, who wore holy garments, and had holy oil poured on them, were not more holy without the anointing of the Spirit; then surely those superstitious innovations in religion, which God never appointed, cannot contribute any holiness to men. A superstitious holiness costs no great labour; there is nothing of the heart in it. If to tell over a few beads, or bow to an image, or sprinkle themselves with holy water were sanctification, and all that is required of them that should be saved, then hell would be empty, none would come there.
(3.) The third counterfeit of sanctification is hypocrisy; when men make a pretence of that holiness which they have not. As a comet may shine like a star, a lustre may shine from their profession that dazzles the eyes of the beholders. ‘Having a form of godliness, but denying the power.' 2 Tim 3:3. These are lamps without oil; whited sepulchres, like the Egyptian temples, which had fair outsides, but within spiders and apes. The apostle speaks of true holiness. Eph 4:44, implying that there is holiness which is spurious and feigned. ‘Thou hast a name to live, but art dead;' Rev 3:1; like pictures and statues which are destitute of a vital principle. ‘Clouds without water.' Jude 12. They pretend to be full of the Spirit, but are empty clouds. This show of sanctification is a self-delusion. He who takes copper instead of gold, wrongs himself; the most counterfeit saint deceives others while he lives, but deceives himself when he dies. To pretend to holiness when there is none is a vain thing. What were the foolish virgins better for their blazing lamps, when they wanted oil? What is the lamp of profession without the oil of saving grace? What comfort will a show of holiness yield at last? Will painted gold enrich? painted wine refresh him that is thirsty? or painted holiness be a cordial at the hour of death? A pretence of sanctification is not to be rested in. Many ships, that have had the name of the Hope, the Safeguard, the Triumph, have been cast away upon rocks; so, many who have had the name of saints, have been cast into hell.
(4.) The fourth counterfeit of sanctification is restraining grace, when men forbear vice, though they do not hate it. This may be the sinner's motto, ‘Fain I would, but I dare not.' The dog has a mind to the bone, but is afraid of the cudgel; so men have a mind to lust, but conscience stands as the angel, with a flaming sword, and affrights: they have a mind to revenge, but the fear of hell is a curb-bit to check them. There is no change of heart; sin is curbed, but not cured. A lion may be in chains, but is a lion still.
(5.) The fifth counterfeit of sanctification is common grace, which is a slight, transient work of the Spirit, but does not amount to conversion. There is some light in the judgement, but it is not humbling; some checks in the conscience, but they are not awakening. This looks like sanctification, but is not. Men have convictions wrought in them, but they break loose from them again, like the deer, which, being shot, shakes out the arrow. After conviction, men go into the house of mirth, take the harp to drive away the spirit of sadness, and so all dies and comes to nothing.
Wherein appears the necessity of sanctification?
In six things: (1.) God has called us to it. ‘Who has called us to glory and virtue; 2 Pet 1:1; to virtue, as well as glory. ‘God has not called us to uncleanness, but unto holiness.' I Thess 4:7. We have no call to sin, we may have a temptation, but no call; no call to be proud, or unclean; but we have a call to be holy.
(2.) Without sanctification there is no evidencing our justification. Justification and sanctification go together. ‘But ye are sanctified, but ye are justified.' I Cor 6:11. ‘Pardoning iniquity,' Mic 7:18; there is justification. ‘He will subdue our iniquities,' 5:19; there is sanctification. ‘Out of Christ's side came blood and water,' John 19.34; blood for justification; water for sanctification. Such as have not the water out of Christ's side to cleanse them, shall never have the blood out of his side to save them.
(3.) Without sanctification we have no title to the new covenant. The covenant of grace is our charter for heaven. The tenure of the covenant is, That God will be our God. But who are interested in the covenant, and may plead the benefit of it? Sanctified persons only. ‘A new heart will I give you, and I will put my Spirit within you, and I will be your God.' Ezek 36:26. If a man makes a will, none but such persons as are named in the will can lay claim to the will; so God makes a will and testament, but it is restrained and limited to such as are sanctified; and it is high presumption for any one else to lay claim to the will.
(4.) There is no going to heaven without sanctification. ‘Without holiness no man shall see the Lord.' Heb 12:14. God is a holy God, and he will suffer no unholy creature to come near him. A king will not suffer a man with plague-sores to approach into his presence. Heaven is not like Noah's ark, where the clean beasts and the unclean entered. No unclean beasts come into the heavenly ark; for though God suffer the wicked to live awhile on the earth, he will never suffer heaven to be pestered with such vermin. Are they fit to see God who wallow in wickedness? Will God ever lay such vipers in his bosom? ‘Without holiness no man shall see the Lord.' It must be a clear eye that sees a bright object: only a holy heart can see God in his glory. Sinners may see God as an enemy, but not as a friend; may have an affrighting vision of him, but not a beatific vision; they may see the flaming sword, but not the mercy-seat. Oh then, what need is there of sanctification!
(5.) Without sanctification all our holy things are defiled. ‘Unto them that are defiled is nothing pure.' Tit 1:1. Under the law, if a man who was unclean by a dead body carried a piece of holy flesh in his skirt, the holy flesh would not cleanse him, but it would be polluted by him. Hag 2:12, 13. This is an emblem of a sinner's polluting his holy offering. A foul stomach turns the best food into ill humours; so an unsanctified heart pollutes prayers, alms, sacraments. This evinces the necessity of sanctification. Sanctification makes our holy things accepted. A holy heart is the altar which sanctifies the offering; if not to satisfaction, to acceptation.
(6.) Without sanctification we can show no sign of our election. 2 Thess 2:13. Election is the cause of our salvation, sanctification is our evidence. Sanctification is the ear-mark of Christ's elect sheep.
What are the signs of sanctification?
First, such as are sanctified can remember a time when they were unsanctified. Tit 3:3. We were in our blood, and then God washed us with water, and anointed us with oil. Ezek 16:9. Those trees of righteousness that blossom and bear almonds, can remember when they were like Aaron's dry rod, not one blossom of holiness growing. A sanctified soul can remember when it was estranged from God through ignorance and vanity, and when free grace planted this flower of holiness in it.
A second sign of sanctification is the indwelling of the Spirit. ‘The Holy Ghost which dwelleth in us.' 2 Tim 1:14. As the unclean spirit dwells in the wicked and carries them to pride, lust, revenge - the devil enters into these swine, Acts 5:3- so the Spirit of God dwells in the elect, as their guide and comforter. The Spirit possesses the saints. God's Spirit sanctifies the fancy, causing it to mint holy thoughts; and sanctifies the will by putting a new bias upon it, whereby it is inclined to good. He who is sanctified has the influence of the Spirit, though not the essence.
A third sign of sanctification is an antipathy against sin. Psa 119:904. A hypocrite may leave sin, yet love it; as a serpent casts its coat, but keeps its sting; but a sanctified person can say he not only leaves sin, but loathes it. As there are antipathies in nature between the vine and laurel, so in a sanctified soul there is a holy antipathy against sin; and antipathies can never be reconciled. Because a man has an antipathy against sin, he cannot but oppose it, and seek the destruction of it.
A fourth sign of sanctification is the spiritual performance of duties, with the heart, and from a principle of love. The sanctified soul prays out of a love to prayer, and ‘calls the Sabbath a delight.' Isa 58:13. A man may have gifts to admiration; he may speak as an angel dropped out of heaven, yet he may be carnal in spiritual things; his services may not come from a renewed principle, nor be carried upon the wings of delight in duty. A sanctified soul worships God in the Spirit. I Pet 2:5. God judges not of our duties by their length, but by the love from which they spring.
A fifth sign is a well-ordered life. ‘Be ye holy in all manner of conversation.' I Pet 1:15. Where the heart is sanctified the life will be so too. The temple had gold without as well as within. As in a piece of coin there is not only the king's image within the ring, but his superscription without; so where there is sanctification, there is not only God's image in the heart, but a superscription of holiness written in the life. Some say they have good hearts, but their lives are vicious. ‘There is a generation that are pure in their own eyes, and yet is not washed from their filthiness.' Prov 30:12. If the water be foul in the bucket, it cannot be clean in the well. ‘The king's daughter is all glorious within.' Psa 45:13. There is holiness of heart. ‘Her clothing is of wrought gold.' There is holiness of life. Grace is most beautiful when its light so shines that others may see it; this adorns religion, and makes proselytes to the faith.
A sixth sign is steadfast resolution. He is resolved never to part with his holiness. Let others reproach it, he loves it the more. Let water be sprinkled on the fire, it burns the more. He says, as David, when Michal reproached him for dancing before the ark, ‘If this be to be vile, I will yet be more vile.' 2 Sam 6:62. Let others persecute him for his holiness, he says as Paul, ‘None of these things move me.' Acts 20:04. He prefers sanctity before safety, and had rather keep his conscience pure than his skin whole. He says as Job, ‘My integrity I will hold fast, and not let it go,' 27:7. He will rather part with his life than his conscience.
Use one: The main thing a Christian should look after is sanctification. This is the unum necessarium, ‘the one thing needful.' Sanctification is our purest complexion, it makes us as the heaven, bespangled with stars; it is our nobility, by it we are born of God, and partake of the divine nature; it is our riches, therefore compared to rows of jewels, and chains of gold. Cant 1:10. It is our best certificate for heaven. What evidence have we else to show? Have we knowledge? So has the devil. Do we profess religion? Satan often appears in Samuel's mantle, and transforms himself into an angel of light. But our certificate for heaven is sanctification. Sanctification is the firstfruits of the Spirit; the only coin that will pass current in the other world. Sanctification is the evidence of God's love. We cannot know God's love by giving us health, riches, success; but by drawing his image of sanctification on us by the pencil of the Holy Ghost it is known.
Oh the misery of such as are destitute of a principle of sanctification! They are spiritually dead. Eph 2:2: Though they breathe, yet they do not live. The greatest part of the world remains unsanctified. ‘The world lies in wickedness.' I John 5:19. That is, the major par of the world. Many call themselves Christians, but blot out the word saints. You may as well call him a man who wants reason, as him a Christian who wants grace. Nay which is worse, some are buoyed up to such a height of wickedness, that they hate and deride sanctification. They hate it. It is bad to want it, it is worse to hate it. They embrace the form of religion, but hate the power. The vulture hates sweet smells, so do they the perfumes of holiness. They say in derision, These are your holy ones! To deride sanctification argues a high degree of atheism, and is a black brand of reprobation. Scoffing Ishmael was cast out of Abraham's family, Gen 21:1; and such as scoff at holiness shall be cast out of heaven.
Use two: Above all things pursue after sanctification. Seek grace more than gold. ‘Keep her, for she is thy life.' Prov 4:13.
What are the chief inducements to sanctification?
(1.) It is the will of God that we should be holy, as saith the text, ‘This is the will of God, your sanctification.' As God's word must be the rule, so his will, the reason of our actions. This is the will of God, our sanctification. Perhaps it is not the will of God we should be rich, but it is his will that we should be holy. God's will is our warrant.
(2.) Jesus Christ has died for our sanctification. Christ shed his blood to wash off our impurity. The cross was both an altar and a laver. ‘Who gave himself for us to redeem us from all iniquity.' Tit 2:14. If we could be saved without holiness, Christ needed not have died. Christ died, not only to save us from wrath, but from sin.
(3.) Sanctification makes us resemble God. It was Adam's sin that he aspired to be like God in omniscience, but we must endeavour to be like him in sanctity. It is a clear glass in which we can see a face; it is a holy heart in which something of God can be seen. Nothing of God can be seen in an unsanctified man, but you may see Satan's picture in him. Envy is the devil's eye, hypocrisy his cloven foot; but nothing of God's image can be seen in him.
(4.) Sanctification is that which God bears a great love to. Not any outward ornaments, high blood, or worldly grandeur, draws God's love, but a heart embellished with holiness does. Christ never admired anything but the beauty of holiness: he slighted the glorious buildings of the temple, but admired the woman's faith, and said, ‘O woman, great is thy faith.' Amor fundatur similitudine. As a king delights to see his image upon a piece of coin, so where God sees his likeness he gives his love. The Lord has two heavens to dwell in, and the holy heart is one of them.
(5.) Sanctification is the only thing that makes us differ from the wicked. God's people have his seal upon them. ‘The foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord knoweth them that are his. And, Let every one that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity.' 2 Tim 2:19. The godly are scaled with a double seal, a seal of election, ‘The Lord knoweth who are his,' and a seal of sanctification, ‘Let every one that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity.' This is the name by which God's people are known, ‘The people of thy holiness.' Isa 63:18. As chastity distinguishes a virtuous woman from a harlot, so sanctification distinguishes God's people from others. ‘Ye have received an unction from the Holy One.' I John 2:20.
(6.) It is as great a shame to have the name of a Christian, yet want sanctity, as to have the name of a steward and want fidelity; or the name of a virgin, and want chastity. It exposes religion to reproach, to be baptized into the name of Christ while unholy, and to have eyes full of tears on a sabbath, and on a week-day eyes full of adultery: 2 Pet 2:15; to be so devout at the Lord's table, as if men were stepping into heaven, and so profane the week after, as if they came out of hell; to have the name of Christians while unholy is a scandal to religion, and makes the ways of God evil spoken of.
(7.) Sanctification fits for heaven: ‘Who has called us to glory and virtue.' 2 Pet 1:8. Glory is the throne, and sanctification is the step by which we ascend to it. As you first cleanse the vessel, and then pour in the wine; so God first cleanses us by sanctification, and then pours in the wine of glory. Solomon was first anointed with oil, and then was a king. I Kings 1:39. First God anoints us with the holy oil of his Spirit, and then sets the crown of happiness upon our head. Pureness of heart and seeing God are linked together. Matt 5:5.
How may sanctification be attained?
(1.) Be conversant in the word of God. ‘Sanctify them through thy truth.' John 17:17. The word is both a glass to show us the spots of our soul, and a laver to wash them away. The word has a transforming virtue in it; it irradiates the mind, and consecrates the heart.
(2.) Get faith in Christ's blood. ‘Having purified their hearts by faith.' Acts 15:9. She in the gospel who touched the hem of Christ's garment was healed. A touch of faith purifies. Nothing can have a greater force upon the heart, to sanctify it, than faith. If I believe Christ and his merits are mine, how can I sin against him? Justifying faith does that in a spiritual sense which miraculous faith does, it removes mountains, the mountains of pride, lust, envy. Faith and the love of sin are inconsistent.
(3.) Breathe after the Spirit. It is called ‘the sanctification of the Spirit.' 2 Thess 2:13. The Spirit sanctifies the heart, as lightning purifies the air, and as fire refines metals. Omne agens generat sibi simile. [The Spirit at work generates its own likeness everywhere.] The Spirit stamps the impression of its own sanctity upon the heart, as the seal prints its likeness upon the wax. The Spirit of God in a man perfumes him with holiness, and makes his heart a map of heaven.
(4.) Associate with sanctified persons. They may, by their counsel, prayers, and holy example, be a means to make you holy. As the communion of saints is in our creed, so it should be in our company. ‘He that walketh with the wise shall be wise.' Prov 13.20. Association begets assimilation.
(5.) Pray for sanctification. Job propounds a question. ‘Who can bring a clean thing out of an unclean?' Job 14:4. God can do it. Out of an unholy heart he can produce grace. Oh! make David's prayer your own, ‘Create in me a clean heart, O God.' Psa 51:10. Lay thy heart before the Lord, and say, Lord, my unsanctified heart pollutes all it touches. I am not fit to live with such a heart, for I cannot honour thee; nor die with such a heart, for I cannot see thee. Oh create in me a new heart! Lord, consecrate my heart, and make it thy temple, and thy praises shall be sung there for ever. Use three: Has God brought a clean thing out of an unclean? has he sanctified you? Wear this jewel of sanctification with thankfulness. ‘Giving thanks to the Father, who has made us meet for the inheritance,' &c. Col 1:12. Christian, thou couldst defile thyself, but not sanctify thyself; but God has done it, he has not only chained up sin, but changed thy nature, and made thee as a king's daughter, all glorious within. He has put upon thee the breastplate of holiness, which, though it may be shot at, can never be shot through. Are there any here that are sanctified? God has done more for you than millions, who may be illumined, but are not sanctified. He has done more for you than if he had made you the sons of princes, and caused you to ride upon the high places of the earth. Are you sanctified? Heaven is begun in you; for happiness is nothing but the quintessence of holiness. Oh, how thankful should you be to God! Do as that blind man in the gospel did after he had received his sight, who ‘followed Christ, glorifying God.' Luke 18:43. Make heaven ring with God's praises.