These Sections teach that there is also a catholic or universal visible Church, consisting of those of every nation who profess the true religion, together with their children. This proposition involves — (1.) The truth that the true Church, consisting of persons, a part of whom are always living, and, with more or less faithfulness, bringing forth visible fruits of holiness on the earth, of course is itself always in part, and with greater or less clearness, visible. The universal visible Church is therefore not a diiferent Church from that which has just been described as invisible. It is the same body, as its successive generations pass in their order and are imperfectly discriminated from the rest of mankind by the eye of man. (2.) The truth that God has commanded his people to organize themselves into distinct visible ecclesiastical communities, with constitutions, laws and officers, badges, ordinances and discipline, for the great purpose of giving visibility to his kingdom, of making known the gospel of that kingdom, and of gathering in all its elect subjects. Each one of these distinct organized communities which is faithful to the great King is an integral part of the visible Church, and all together, of all names and nations, constitute tlie catholic or universal visible Church. The conditions of human life, physical, political and social, and the

imperfections of Christians, render impossible a practical organic union of all these organized bodies ; yet that they all are one visible Church is self-evident, from the fact that they are all visible parts of the true spiritual or invisible Church, which, being '^the body of Christ," can never be divided. (3.) The truth also that since the Church is rendered visible by the profession and outward obedience of its members, and since no class of men are ever endowed with the power of discriminating with absolute accuracy the genuineness of Christian characteristics, it necessarily follows that a credible profession, as presumptiv^e evidence of real religion, constitutes a person a member of the visible Church. By a credible profession is meant a profession of the true religion sufficiently intelligent and sufficiently corroborated by the daily life of the professor to be credited as genuine. Every such profession is ground for the pres!imption that the person is a member of the true Church, and consequently constitutes him a member of the visible Church, and lays an obligation upon all other Christians to regard and treat him accordingly. This visible Church is called *^ the kingdom of heaven" in the earth, and its nature and progress are set forth in the parables of the " sower of the seed," the " field and the tares," the "mustard seed," the " leaven," the " net which was cast into the sea and gathered fish of every kind," etc. Matt. xiii. (4.) Also the truth that the children of all professors of the true religion are, on that account^ fellow-members with their parents of the visible Church. This important principle will properly come up for discussion and proof under Chapter xxviii. § 4.

3d. These Sections teach that God has given to this

36*

universal visible Church, in all its branches and constituent elements (a) the inspired Scriptures as an infallible oracle and rule of faith and practice ; (6) the Gospel ministry — an order not qualified and indicated by manual contact, but by the gifts and graces of the Holy Ghost ; (c) the ordinances, such as i)reaching. prayer, singing of praise and the holy sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper, and discipline. And (d) that the great end designed to be accomplished by this grant is (1) the gathering in oi the elect from the children of the Church or from the world, and (2) the perfecting of the saints when thus gathered. Eph. iv. 11-13. And (e) that the success of these agencies in attaining this end is secured beyond peradventure by the promise of Christ to be with them and to render them effectual until the end of the world. Matt, xxviii. 20.

4th. These Sections teach that out of the bounds of this universal visible Church there is no ordinary possibility of salvation. This proposition is believed by our Church and by all other evangelical Christians to apply only to adults who are out of the pale of the visible Church. All the members of the human race dying in infancy are believed to be saved through the merits of Christ. Since, then, the universal visible Church consists of all the professors of the true religion in the world, to say that out of it there is ordinarily no possibility of salvation is only saying — {a.) That God has never in any way revealed his intention of saving any sane adult destitute of the personal knowledge of Christ. (6.) That an unexceptional experience in heathen lands leads us to the conviction that no?£ in such a condition

are saved, (c.) That God has very emphatically declared that those who deny his Son before men shall not be saved. Matt. x. 33. (d.) That every man who hears the gospel is commanded to confess Christ before men — that is, to become a public visible professor of the true religion. Matt. x. 32. The conditions of salvation laid down in Rom. x. 9, 10 are — "If thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe with thy heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved. For with the heart man belie veth unto righteousness ; and with the mouth confession is made unto salvation.'^ There are obviously various ways in which Christ may be publicly acknowledged and confessed. In some way every person having the love of Christ in his heart will confess him. But our Confession intends in these Sections to teach further that ordinarily, where there is the knowledge and opportunity, God requires every one who loves Christ to confess him in the regular way of joining the community of his people and of taking the sacramental badges of his discipleship. That this is commanded will be shown under Chapters xxvii.-xxix. And that when providentially possible every Christian heart will be prompt to obey in this matter, is self-evident. When shame or fear of persecution be the preventing considerations, then the failure to obey is equivalent to the positive rejection of Christ, since the rejection of him will have to be publicly pretended in such case in order to avoid the consequences attending upon the public acknowledgment of him.

The Greek word Ecclesia, which we render Church, is derived from a word which signifies to call out, and denotes an assembly called out and convened for any particular purpose. In democratic states it was applied to the assemblies of the people, who were called out by a public herald, and gathered into a certain place, in order to deliberate together. To specify the various meanings which this word bears in the New Testament is at present unnecessary; it is sufficient for our purpose to remark, that the term is used to denote an assembly or society of men, called by the gospel out of the world which lieth in wickedness, into the faith and fellowship of Jesus Christ. But there is a twofold calling; the one externol, merely by the Word — the other internul, by the Holy Spirit, which is peculiar to the elect. Hence the Church may be considered under a twofold aspect or form; the one external or visible — the other internal or invisible. The Church, viewed as invisible, consists, according to our Con2 GO CONFESSION OF FAITH. [^CIIAP. XXV.

fession, " of tlie whole number of the elect that have been, are, or shall be, gathered into one, under Christ, the head thereof." Of this Church the apostle speaks (Eph. v. 25-27): " Christ loved the Church, and gave himself for it ; that he might sanctify and cleanse it, with the washing of water by the Word, that he might present it to himself a glorious Church, not having spot or wrinkle, or any such thing; but that it should be holy and without blemish." Of the members of this Church some have already finished their course, and are now perfected spirits in heaven ; others are still living upon earth, and engaged in the Christian warfare; which diversity of condition has given occasion for the ordinary distinction between the Church triuniphant, and the Church militant. The invisible Church, viewed as comprehending the whole number of the elect, will not be completed until that day when " tlie Lord shall make up his jewels." This Church, viewed as actually existing on earth at any particular period, is composed of those who have been called by divine grace into the fellowship of the gospel, and sanctified by the truth; and these constitute one Church, because, however distant in place, and diversified in circumstances, they are vitally united to Christ as their head, and to one another as members of the same body, by the bond of the Spirit and of faith. " By one Sjjirit are we all baptized into one body, whether we be JeAvs or Gentiles, whether we be bond or free; and have been all made to drink into one Spirit." — 1 Cor. xii. 13.

" This Church is said to be invisible, because it cannot be discovered by the eye. It is not sejjarated from the world in respect of place, but of state. It lies hidden in the visible Church, from which it cannot be certainly distinguished. The qualifications of its members are internal; their faith and love are not the objects of sense. Towards our fellow-men we can exercise only the judgment of charity, founded on probable grounds ; but we are liable to err, and, from various causes, may suppose saints to be hypocrites, and hypocrites to be saints. It is unseen by every eye but that which * searches the heart and tries the reins of the children of men.' * The Lord,' and he only, ' knows them that are his.' " *

The visible Church, according to our Confession, consists " of all those throughout the world that j^rofess the true religion, together with their children." Of this Church the Apostle Paul speaks, in 1 Cor. xii. 28 : " God hath set some in the Church, first apostles, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers, after that miracles, then gifts of liealings, helps, go- * Dick's Lectures on Theology, vol. iv., i-i) 309, 310.

vernments, diversities of tongues." " This Church is called visible, uot only because the persons who compose it are not angels or separate spirits, but men dwelling in mortal flesh, but because, as a society, it falls under the observation of our senses. The members are known ; their assemblies are public ; we may be present in them, and observe the celebration of the several parts of their worship. It is distinguishable, like any other society ; and we can say, Here is the Church of Christ ; but there is the Church of the Jews or of the iSIohamniedans. Nothing more is necessary to discover it than the use of our senses. Having learned, by the perusal of the Scriptures, what are the discriminating characters of the Church, wherever we perceive a society whose creed and observances are, upon the whole, conformable to this pattern, we are authorized to say, This is the Church, or rather, a part of the Church."*

When we speak of the visible and invisible Church, this is not to be understood as if there were two Churches, or as if one part of the Church were visible and anotlier invisible. The former includes the latter, but they are not co-extensive ; the same individuals who constitute the Church considered as invisible, belong also to the Church considered as visible; hut many who belong to the visible, are not comprehended in the invisible Church.

The ministry and ordinances of the gospel, which Christ has given to tlie visible Church, are designed for the gathering of sinners into the Church invisible, and for the perfecting of the saints ; and, by the concurring influences of his Spirit, they are made effectual to these ends. This is clearly taught by the Apostle Paul (Eph. iv. 11-13) : " He gave some, apostles ; and some, prophets ; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; for the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ : till we all come in the unity of the faith, and of the knowledge of the Sou of God, unto a perfect man, unto the measure of the stature of the fulness of Christ." This being the design for which a gospel ministry was appointed in the Church, it will certainly be continued until all the elect are gathered to Christ, and every one of them brought to perfection. So much is implied in the promise of Christ: " Lo, I am witli you alway, even unto the end of the world." — JNIatt. xxviii. 20. This also secures the success of the gospel. At some periods few may seem to be gathered unto Christ ; but, fiom time to time, some are " added to the Church of such as shall be saved." All that the Father * Dick's Lectures on Theology, vol. iv., pp. 308, 309.

262 CONFESSION OF FAITH. [^CHAP. XXV.

gave to Christ shall come unto him, and none of them shall be lost. " Other sheep I have," says Christ, " which are not of this fold ; them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice ; and there shall be one fold and one Shepherd." — John X. 16.

The epithet "Catholic" — which is here applied to the visible Church — does not occur in Scripture, but has been used from an early period, although not always in the same sense. As employed in our Confession, it is synonymoiis with the term universal. It is well known that the Church of Rome arrogantly claims to be the catholic Church, and pronounces all beyond her pale, or who do not submit to the usurped supremacy of the Pope, to be heretics, and accursed of God, It might be easily shown that her pretensions are unfounded and presumptuous — that in no age has she realized the character of universal. But the true Church of Christ is not confined to any country or sect ; it comprehends all who profess the true religion and observe the ordinances of the gospel; and the several particular Churches, when regularly constituted in the different parts of the Christian world, are integral parts of the catholic or universal Church.

Having given a general explanation of these sections, the several propositions which they embrace may be more particularly considered.

1. There is a universal invisible Church, comprehending the whole body of believers, or all the elect of God, as called out of the world unto the fellowship of Jesus Christ. This is denied by Papists, who maintain that the catholic Church is absolutely visible — as really as any of the kingdoms of this world, and consists not merely of the elect effectually called, but of unbelievers and manifest sinners — even all who profess subjection to the See of Rome. But the Church of which we now speak consists of such only as are true believers. These, it must be admitted, are not visible; and, consequently, the Church which they constitute must be invisible. As men, believers are the objects of sense ; but as believers, they come not under the cognizance of the senses. In the visible Church they are mingled with hypocritical professors, and the one cannot be certainly and infallibly distinguished from the other. The Scripture teaches us that there is a Church which is the spouse of Christ, and Vhose glory is internal (Ps. xlv. 13); which is the mystical body of Christ, conjoined with him by spiritual bonds (Eph. i. 23) ; and the individual members of which are joined together in one body by one Spirit — 1 Cor. xii. 13. But these

things cannot be discerned by the senses, and we must, therefore, believe that there is a catholic or universal invisible Church, composed of true believers.

2, There is a universal visible Church, consisting of the whole body of professing Christians, dispersed throughout all parts of the world. This is denied by the Independents, who confine the idea of a visible Church to a single congregation, which ordinarily assembles in one place for public worship. But, in various places of the New Testament, the word Church (as applied to the visible Church) cannot be restricted to any particular congregational Church. When we are told that " Saul made havock of the Church" (Acts viii. 3), and that " he persecuted the Church of God, and wasted it" (Gal i. 13), it cannot be supposed that it was only a single congregation that was exposed to his fury. It is related (Acts ix. 31), that, after his conversion, " the Churches had rest throughout all Judea, and Galilee, and Samaria;" which certainly intimates that formerly they had suflfered by his blind zeal ; yet they are all spoken of as one Church persecuted by him. All Christians throughout the world are united together in such a way as to constitute them one Church. This is evident from the various designations given to the catholic visible Church. It is called " a body," in allusion to the natural body, consisting of various members, all so connected together as to form one body. It is termed " the kingdom of God ;" but a kingdom is one, though made up of many provinces and subordinate governments. It is designated " the house of God ;" which implies that, though made up of many parts, it is but one spiritual family. As it is impossible that the whole body of professing Christians can meet together in one place for the observance of the ordinances of religion, it is necessary that particular Churches or congregations should be formed for this purpose ; but these particular Churches constitute several integral parts of the one catholic or universal visible Church.*

This visible Church comprehends hypocrites and formal professors, as well as those that are effectually called and regenerated. On this account the Church is compared to a floor, in which there is not only wheat but also chaff (Matt, iii. 12); to a field, where tares as well as good seed are sown (Matt. xiii. 24, 25) ; to a net, which gathers bad fish together with the good (ver. 47); to a great house, in which are vessels of every kind, some to honour and some to dishonour.— 2 Tim. ii. 20. Such being the state of the visible * Whytock's Essays on the Church, essay ii.

264 CONFESSION OF FAITH. QCHAP. XXV.

Church, as exhibited in Scripture, there can be no warrant to exact from persons positive marks of their regeneration, as indispensable to their admission to the fellowship of the Church, and to require from them an account of their religious experience for the purpose of forming some judgment about their spiritual state. Christ has not authorized the office-bearers of the Church to make an entire separation between true believers and formal professors of religion. — Matt, xiii, 30. This is a task to which they are altogether incompetent ; for, as the servants of the husbandman could not, for a considerable time, distinguish the tares from the wheat, so the servants of Christ cannot infallibly distinguish hypocrites from sincere believers. They can only judge of persons by their external deportment ; and this cannot furnish evidence sufficient to enable them to pronounce an unerring judgment about their spiritual state before God. The ground of admission to the fellowship and privileges of the visible Church, is a scriptural profession. Of this alone the office-bearers of the Church are capable of judging; and to proceed upon a judgment about their spiritual state as it is in the sight of God, would be to assume the prerogative of Him who alone " searcheth the heart."

3. The children of professing Christians are members of the visible Church. This is denied by Antipsedobaptists; and many Independents, though they admit infants to baptism, hesitate about what account is to be made of them ; whether they are to be considered as Church members, or only as put under the care of the Church in order to their preparation for that state. " It is a considerable presumption in favour of the Church state of the infants of Church members, that, in civil society, the privilege of children is the same with that of their parents. The kingdoms of this world consist of infants as well as adults; and shall we think that infants are excluded from a place in the kingdom of Christ ? The children of British subjects are entitled to the same privileges as their parents, although, in the meantime, they be not capable of an understanding, or full enjoyment of them. Is it not, therefore, reasonable to suppose that the constitution of Christ's kingdom is every whit as favourable to the privilege of infants? "VVe are not, however, left to supposition and analogy in this matter ; their privilege may be clearly established from the Word of God. God's covenant with his Church extends to parents and their children. Infants were members of the Church under the Old Testament, and there is~no word of their exclusion under the New; nay, in the New Testament there are various testimonies that the pririlege

of Church membership extends to infants still,"* Our Lord himself asserts it most expressly (Luke xviii. 16): "Jesus said, Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them not : for of such is the kingdom of God." If, by " the kingdom of God," as some contend, be here meant the state of glory, we might strongly infer, that children, bein^ heirs of glory, ought to be acknowledged as members of the visible Church. But it is more probable that, in this passage, by "the kingdom of God" is to be understood, the Church on earth; and our Lord assigns as the reason why children should be suffered to come to him, that he recognised them as members of his Church.

4. There is no ordinary possibility of salvation out of the visible Church. This is widely different from the doctrine of the Romish Church, which affirms that the Roman Catholic is the ONLY Church, and that there is no salvation out of that Church. The same arrogant pretensions are frequently put forth by proud, uncharitable Prelatists, in the southern part of the island; who, assuming that their own society is " the Church," pronounce all who do not submit to the government of bishops to be schismatics, and hand them over to the uncovenanted mercies of God; or, in other words, exclude them from all hope of salvation. But we are not so presumptuous as to confine the possibility of salvation within the limits of any particular Church, neither do we absolutely affirm that there is no possibility of salvation out of the universal visible Church. Our Confession, in terms remarkably guarded, only asserts, that " out of the visible Church thei'e is no ordinary possibility of salvation." There is, then, a possibility of salvation without its pale ; for a person may, by some means, such as by the perusal of the Scriptures, be brought to the knowledge of the truth, and have no opportunity of joining himself to the Church; but such cases are extraordinary: and, as God usually works by means, there is no ordinary possibility of salvation out of the visible Church, because those who are out of the Church are destitxite of the ordinary means of salvation.